Gorshkov V.G., Gorshkov V.V., Makarieva A.M. (2000) CHAPTER 1. General overview 1.2 Adaptation to, or regulation of, the environment? 1.3 Major inconsistencies in the genetic adaptation paradigm 1.4 Discreteness and stability of biological species 1.5 Global environment formed by the natural biota 1.6 Biotic regulation of the environment 1.7 Concepts of genetic adaptation and biotic regulation are mutually exclusive 1.8 Empirical evidence for the biotic regulation of the environment 1.9 Stability of life organisation 1.10 Mechanism of biotic regulation 1.11 Natural distribution of energy consumption over individuals of different body size 1.12 Conserving biodiversity or biotic regulation? 1.13 Biotic regulation cannot be replaced by technology 1.14 Ecological problems of humankind 1.15 Demography CHAPTER 2. What is life? 2.2 Physical and biological stability 2.3 Sexual dimorphism 2.4 Competitiveness and organisation of life 2.5 Altruistic interaction of individuals 2.6 Notorious group selection 2.7 The basic principle of biology 2.8 Impossibility of globally correlated living objects 2.9 Norm and defect 2.10 The quantum nature of life 2.11 Ecological community as the highest level of biological organisation CHAPTER 3. Ecology of organisms with different body sizes (PDF, 2.5 Mb) 3.2 Body size limits 3.3 Energetics and body size of photosynthesising plants 3.4 Sensitivity of the biota 3.5 Fluctuations of synthesis and destruction of organic matter 3.6 Immobile and locomotive organisms 3.7 Distribution of consumption by heterotrophs with respect to their body size 3.8 Distribution of biomass of heterotrophs with respect to their body size CHAPTER 4. Ecology of locomotive animals (PDF, 2.1 Mb) 4.2 The maximum speed of movement for animals 4.3 Maximum permissible share of biomass consumption by locomotive animals 4.4 Settled and nomadic lifestyle of locomotive animals 4.5 Carnivores 4.6 Diffusion of excreta 4.7 Conclusions CHAPTER 5. Ecological principles of biotic regulation 5.2 Biotic and inorganic fluxes of matter in the biosphere 5.3 Evolutionary progress and environmental degradation 5.4 Matter cycles in the biosphere 5.5 Environmental homeostasis and the biotic interpretation of the Le Chatelier principle 5.6 Biotic regulation of matter cycles 5.7 Limiting biogens. Resources: renewable and non-renewable 5.8 Immigration in the ecological community CHAPTER 6. Biotic regulation in action (PDF, 5.0 Mb) 6.2 Changing production of dissolved organic matter in the ocean 6.3 Global carbon cycle change 6.4 Historical dynamics of the global change 6.5 Stopping the global carbon change 6.6 The water cycle 6.7 Forest succession: recovery of forest communities after perturbations 6.8 Forest succession: analysis of empirical evidence 6.8.2 Recovery dynamics 6.8.3 Fires, windfalls, insect invasions: natural periodicity 6.8.4 The climate issue 6.8.5 Current state of forest communities CHAPTER 7. Energy and information (PDF, 1.6 Mb) 7.2 Solar energy 7.3 Stores and fluxes of information in natural biota and civilisation 7.4 Ecological information of large animals CHAPTER 8. Unique nature of climate stability on Earth 8.2. Spectral characteristics of thermal radiation 8.3. Traditional estimates of the contributions from different greenhouse gases to the greenhouse effect 8.4. Dependence of the greenhouse effect on concentrations of the greenhouse gases 8.5. Possible Earth's climates and their stability 8.6. Physical stability of the Earth's climate 8.7. Biotic stability of the modern climate of Earth CHAPTER 9. Genetic bases of biotic regulation and life stability: Theoretical consideration 9.2 Population in the absence of stabilising selection 9.3 Stabilisation of genetic information of species 9.4 Sensitivity of competitive interaction 9.5 Normal genotypes and the normal genome 9.6 Normal, decay and adaptive polymorphism in a population 9.7 Stability of biological species under natural conditions 9.8 Stability of biological species under unnatural conditions 9.9 Biological species: definition CHAPTER 10. Genetic bases of biotic regulation and life stability: Analysis of empirical evidence 10.2 Sexual dimorphism and regulation of birth rate of decay individuals 10.3 Haploidy and diploidy 10.4 Effective haploidy: autosomal heterozygosity and sex hemizygosity 10.5 Threshold heterozygosity values and Haldane's rule 10.6 Estimates of lethal and hybrid heterozygosities 10.7 Brief account of different views on the nature of intraspecific variability 10.8 Poisson Distribution of the Number of Polymorphic Loci 10.9. Natural level of heterozygosity in mammals 10.10 Heterozygosity dependence of body mass and genome size CHAPTER 11. Evolution (PDF, 1.5 Mb [300 dpi], 650 Kb [150 dpi]) 11.2 Origin of new species 11.3 Evolution of prokaryotes and eukaryotes 11.4 Uniformity of evolutionary tempo in different biological taxa 11.5. Conclusions CHAPTER 12. Conclusions: Can the biosphere be treated as a
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